Running title: INSERT RUNNING TITLE HERE
Munkh^1, Joeseph P. Schmo^2, Sally J. Rivers^1, Patrick D. Schloss1\(\dagger\)
\(\dagger\) To whom correspondence should be addressed: pschloss@umich.edu
1. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
2. Other department contact information
Storyline:
Mongolian dust is well-known by its term of coarse, * color of brown, * its influence on downwind regions, * and big role in global dust, * and its seasonality.
Because, it mainly consists of coarse fractions researchers neglect its role in global climate into elaborating global dust-aerosol effects. However, recent change in the driving of the emissions of particulate matters might cause fluctuations its spatio-temporal variations and * characteristics and * emerge a new pattern, eventually it may lead to the role in the regional and global dust, so on climate system through * altering solar incidence, cloud formation, and precipitation or warming * the climate with the fraction of finer particulates.
Mongolia might turn into the not only coarse-dust source region but also fine-mixed coarse-dust region.
Use of coal is increased
Urbanization
The monthly mean concentrations of PM10 (PM2.5) reached annual maximum in December and January due to winter synoptic governing conditions in Ulaanbaatar, capital city of Mongolia (Jugder).
Despite this, the spring dust storms creates another polluted season in UB. On spring, the dust storm from the Gobi Desert contribute significantly to increased aerosols in the atmosphere and ambient air pollution, leading to sporadic peaks in PM10 concentrations reaching as high as 64-234 \(\mu g m^{-3}\) per day or exceeding 6000 \(\mu g m^{-3}\) per hour (Jugder).
Siberian anticyclonic activity governed over Mongolia, which create a significant vulnerability to winter air pollution in the populated areas.
A such changes in PM10 and PM2.5 to stagnant weather conditions, and local or transported dust was also observed in other countries China (Wang), Korea (Kim) and Japan ().
deposition
concentrations of particulate matter is ephederemal, yet vary depending on whether the pollution cause is natural or industrial, local or transported, seasonal or non-seasonal, makes complex and challenging.
Therefore, we aimed to demonstrate the distinct temporal and spatial variations of PM2.5 and PM10 across urban and rural Mongolia using extensive data from 2008 to 2020.
Figure 3. Distinct concentrations of coarse and fine
particulates among sites 1. Compare the concentrations of PMs at UB is
the 2. Significance level difference 3. Conclude
Figure 4. Annual variations of \(PM_{10}\) and \(PM_{2.5}\) 1. Clear annual variations at UB
and DZ from pm2.5 pollutions 2. at ZU, and SS has a seasonally peaks
episodic spring and late autumn from PM10
Figure 5. Daily variations of \(PM_{10}\) and \(PM_{2.5}\)
Figure 6. Relationships between meteorological major
factors and variations of \(PM_{10}\)
and \(PM_{2.5}\)
Figure 7. Spatio-temporal distinct feature of
variations of \(PM_{10}\) and \(PM_{2.5}\) with PCA analysis
Figure 8. Interannual and seasonal trends of \(PM_{10}\) and \(PM_{2.5}\) variations
In this study, we investigated the temporal variations of PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations at the 4 sites of rural and urban those located along the the wind corridor. Three distinct variations has been detected.
A clear seasonal variations in the sites of UB and DZ is [Air quality is governed by natural dust emission, and anthropogenic emissions] * Due to rapid increase in urban, and combustion of coal/oyutolgoi for heating winter conditions results a highly increase in not only capital city but also towns * In a result, spring coarse dust, plus winter fine pollutants [spring coarse dust is immediately transported and deposited in the source area, whereas winter fine pollutants is permanently stayed in the source area due to stagnant atmosphere govern over entire country., perhaps float- ing in the near surface, deposits in the surface] * Alarms, the Mongolian dust in the spring, optical properties will be shifted; this gives … Gobi dust and sand storms has become tuiren, from the shoroon shuurga. which clearly requires the attention.
Following problems
According to the spatial magnitude of wind stress in Mongolia (Figure 1), the largest magnitude of wind speed is on the Gobi sites, particularly those located in the southeast edge of the country.
In the last 2 decades, due to poverty and natural disasters there is population immigration has taken place from the rural to urban, especially to capital city of Mongolia. Due to tiny infrastructure to provide the mega city with the dense population, it introduces the urban pollution. Therefore, Ulaanbaatar air particulate matter mainly reflects the coal burning, and partly, natural dust.
Consequently, the atmospheric environment and climate for Mongolian Gobi has been impacted the most by frequent dust and and sand storm in the spring.
Our study was carried out in Dalanzadgad (town center) (Tbl. 1; 43.57°N, 104.42°E), Sainshand (Tbl. 1; 44.87°N, 110.12°E) and Zamyn-Uud (Tbl. 1; 43.72°N, 111.90°E) in the Gobi Desert, and at Ulaanbaatar (Tbl.??.??°N, 104.42°E) (city center) located in the temperate Mongolian steppe of Mongolia (Figure 2). Nomads and settlements of this sum have raised a large number of livestock, and they rank at number 30 out of 329 sums for the largest number of livestock raised per sum (Saizen et al., 2010). In the last decade, the number of dust events associated with wind erodibility increased by 30 % in Bayan-Önjüül (Kurosaki et al., 2011). This is an area where dust emissions activity has been monitored on a long-term basis (Shinoda et al., 2010a) at a dust observation site (DOS) adjacent to the study site (Fig. 1a). According to long-term meteorological observations made at the monitoring station of the Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology of Mongolia located near the site, the prevailing wind direction is northwest. Mean annual precipitation is 163 mm, and mean temperature is 0.1◦C for the period 1995 to 2005 (Shinoda et al., 2010b). Soil texture is dominated by sand (98.1 %, with only 1.3 % clay and 0.6 % silt; Table 1; Shinoda et al., 2010a). Insert figure legends with the first sentence in bold, for example:
Figure 1. Geographic locations of study sites is shown in the wind speed map and elevation maps.
Table 1. A description of datasets obtained at the sites
Figure
2. is shown in the wind speed map and elevation maps.