Running title: INSERT RUNNING TITLE HERE

Munkh^1, Joeseph P. Schmo^2, Sally J. Rivers^1, Patrick D. Schloss1\(\dagger\)

\(\dagger\) To whom correspondence should be addressed:

1. Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109

2. Other department contact information

Abstract

Storyline:

  1. A new pattern is emerged
  2. Air quality in urban sites is episodically dictated by dust events in spring or late autumn, yet seasonally governed by anthropogenic emissions in winter. [Air quality is governed by natural dust emission, and anthropogenic emissions]
  3. With recent growing interest in urban life style, and combustion of coal/oyutolgoi for heating winter conditions results a highly increase in not only capital city but also towns
  4. In a result, spring coarse dust, plus winter fine pollutants
  5. spring coarse dust is immediately transported and deposited in the source area, whereas winter fine pollutants is permanently stayed in the source area due to stagnant atmosphere govern over entire country., perhaps floating in the near surface, deposits in the surface]
  6. Alarms, the Mongolian dust in the spring, optical properties might be shifted; this gives … Gobi dust and sand storms has become tuiren, from the shoroon shuurga. which clearly requires the attention.
  7. r ratio shows … emission source; dust might carry anthropogenic fine particulates as well.

Introduction

Mongolian dust is well-known by its term of coarse, * color of brown, * its influence on downwind regions, * and big role in global dust, * and its seasonality.

Because, it mainly consists of coarse fractions researchers neglect its role in global climate into elaborating global dust-aerosol effects. However, recent change in the driving of the emissions of particulate matters might cause fluctuations its spatio-temporal variations and * characteristics and * emerge a new pattern, eventually it may lead to the role in the regional and global dust, so on climate system through * altering solar incidence, cloud formation, and precipitation or warming * the climate with the fraction of finer particulates.

Mongolia might turn into the not only coarse-dust source region but also fine-mixed coarse-dust region.

Therefore, we aimed to demonstrate the distinct temporal and spatial variations of PM2.5 and PM10 across urban and rural Mongolia using extensive data from 2008 to 2020.

Results and Discussion

Figure 3. Figure 3. Distinct concentrations of coarse and fine particulates among sites 1. Compare the concentrations of PMs at UB is the 2. Significance level difference 3. Conclude

f Figure 4. Annual variations of \(PM_{10}\) and \(PM_{2.5}\) 1. Clear annual variations at UB and DZ from pm2.5 pollutions 2. at ZU, and SS has a seasonally peaks episodic spring and late autumn from PM10

Figure 5. Daily variations of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ Figure 5. Daily variations of \(PM_{10}\) and \(PM_{2.5}\)

Figure 6. Relationships between meteorological major factors and variations of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ Figure 6. Relationships between meteorological major factors and variations of \(PM_{10}\) and \(PM_{2.5}\)

f Figure 7. Spatio-temporal distinct feature of variations of \(PM_{10}\) and \(PM_{2.5}\) with PCA analysis

Figure 8. Interannual and seasonal trends of $PM_{10}$ and $PM_{2.5}$ variations Figure 8. Interannual and seasonal trends of \(PM_{10}\) and \(PM_{2.5}\) variations

Conclusions

In this study, we investigated the temporal variations of PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations at the 4 sites of rural and urban those located along the the wind corridor. Three distinct variations has been detected.

A clear seasonal variations in the sites of UB and DZ is [Air quality is governed by natural dust emission, and anthropogenic emissions] * Due to rapid increase in urban, and combustion of coal/oyutolgoi for heating winter conditions results a highly increase in not only capital city but also towns * In a result, spring coarse dust, plus winter fine pollutants [spring coarse dust is immediately transported and deposited in the source area, whereas winter fine pollutants is permanently stayed in the source area due to stagnant atmosphere govern over entire country., perhaps float- ing in the near surface, deposits in the surface] * Alarms, the Mongolian dust in the spring, optical properties will be shifted; this gives … Gobi dust and sand storms has become tuiren, from the shoroon shuurga. which clearly requires the attention.

Following problems

Materials and Methods

Figure 1

A description of study sites

According to the spatial magnitude of wind stress in Mongolia (Figure 1), the largest magnitude of wind speed is on the Gobi sites, particularly those located in the southeast edge of the country.

  • The impact of high winds on plant diversity varies across environmental gradients of precipitation and soil fertility (Milchunas et al., 1988).
  • In the desert steppe zone, species richness was lower in the drier years but did not vary with grazing pressure.
  • In the steppe zone, species richness varied significantly with grazing pressure but did not vary between years. Species richness is not impacted by grazing gradient in desert steppe, but it is in the steppe (Cheng et al., 2011).

In the last 2 decades, due to poverty and natural disasters there is population immigration has taken place from the rural to urban, especially to capital city of Mongolia. Due to tiny infrastructure to provide the mega city with the dense population, it introduces the urban pollution. Therefore, Ulaanbaatar air particulate matter mainly reflects the coal burning, and partly, natural dust.

Consequently, the atmospheric environment and climate for Mongolian Gobi has been impacted the most by frequent dust and and sand storm in the spring.

Our study was carried out in Dalanzadgad (town center) (Tbl. 1; 43.57°N, 104.42°E), Sainshand (Tbl. 1; 44.87°N, 110.12°E) and Zamyn-Uud (Tbl. 1; 43.72°N, 111.90°E) in the Gobi Desert, and at Ulaanbaatar (Tbl.??.??°N, 104.42°E) (city center) located in the temperate Mongolian steppe of Mongolia (Figure 2). Nomads and settlements of this sum have raised a large number of livestock, and they rank at number 30 out of 329 sums for the largest number of livestock raised per sum (Saizen et al., 2010). In the last decade, the number of dust events associated with wind erodibility increased by 30 % in Bayan-Önjüül (Kurosaki et al., 2011). This is an area where dust emissions activity has been monitored on a long-term basis (Shinoda et al., 2010a) at a dust observation site (DOS) adjacent to the study site (Fig. 1a). According to long-term meteorological observations made at the monitoring station of the Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology of Mongolia located near the site, the prevailing wind direction is northwest. Mean annual precipitation is 163 mm, and mean temperature is 0.1◦C for the period 1995 to 2005 (Shinoda et al., 2010b). Soil texture is dominated by sand (98.1 %, with only 1.3 % clay and 0.6 % silt; Table 1; Shinoda et al., 2010a). Insert figure legends with the first sentence in bold, for example:

Figure 1. Geographic locations of study sites is shown in the wind speed map and elevation maps.

Table 1. A description of datasets obtained at the sites

Table 1. A description of datasets obtained at the sitesFigure 2. is shown in the wind speed map and elevation maps.

Scheme 1. Data handling procedure
Scheme 1. Data handling procedure
Figure 2. Data gap filling
Figure 2. Data gap filling
Figure 2b. Data gap filling
Figure 2b. Data gap filling

References